Along with the previous temporal aspects it is necessary to study their spatial aspects. Numerous spatial models have been used to represent the spatial distribution of a given population and its migrations through a country’s network of places.
Simultaneously, theoretical and practical studies, with data observed in a large number of countries, permitted the estimation of intricate parameters that are difficult to define but easier to measure, that summarise correctly the internal mobility flows irrespective of the parcelling of the studied territory
This model has been re-examined recently by Martin Bell and Salut Muhidin in 2011 extended to a larger number of countries in the whole world, in a chapter: Comparing internal migration between countries using Courgeau’s k (their index k corresponds to the index kπδ of the previous formula). However these authors say that this index has no plain language meaning. We showed with them that it is possible to link such an index to the probability for a change of residence.